Test 1:
Review
Week of
The test has multiple
choice, fill in the blank and essay. Study these concepts.
Important
Concepts:
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Five Themes of Geography
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Earth as an Open and Closed System
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Location on Earth, Scale and Projections
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Geography
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Spatial Analysis
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Physical Geography
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Open and Closed System
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Feedback Loop (Negative and Positive)
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Model
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Latitude (and Parallel) and Longitude (and Meridian)
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Geographic Information System
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Map, Scale and Projection
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Active and Passive Remote Sensing
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Describe the Milky Way Galaxy and the Location of Earth
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Five Reasons for Seasons
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Describe, Insolation and its Importance
Modern atmosphere: 4th in earth's history,
5 billion years, 300 miles (exosphere up to 20,000 miles), bound to planet by
gravity
Air: mixture of gasses
Function of
the Atmosphere: sustains, protects and filters (protective membrane)
Definition
and Function of Atmospheric Criteria (99% exists below 31 miles):
Composition: Heterosphere (50-300 miles, sorted by gravity w/ hydrogen/helium
lightest and oxygen/nitrogen heavier) and Homosphere
(surface to 50 miles, uniformily mixed except ozonsphere, 500 million years
old, every breath and plant respiration)
Composition of gases in the homosphere: nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%),
argon (.9%), carbon dioxide (.037%)
Temperature: thermosphere (like
heterosphere- high temperatures- 2200 F), mesosphere (coldest- -130 F),
stratosphere and troposphere (biosphere, weather, 90% of atmosphere)
Function: Removes most harmful
wavelengths of insolation, ionosphere and ozonosphere (absorbs UV and radiates
as infrared)
Anthropogenic pollution- 60% of US air pollution from automobiles, urban pollutants concentrate
and effect most people
Normal Lapse
Rate- 3.5
degrees per 1,000 feet
Clouds can make up to a 75%
difference in amount of energy to reach surface
Transmission- passage of short/long
wave energy through atmosphere
Scattering- redirected radiation,
direction changed, not wavelength, 7% of earth's albedo. The shorter the wavelength, the greater the
scattering- cause the sky to be blue and sunrise/sunset red. Pollution cause all wavelength to scatter,
resulting in a white sky.
Refraction- distortion of atmosphere
by movement from one phase of matter to another
Insolation
Inputs:
Page 96
Albedo- reflective quality of a
surface. Dark reflects 0%, Light
reflects 100%. 31% of insolation reflected over a year.
Clouds- reflect insolation
(shortwave) and trap longwave radiation.
Absorption- assimilation of radiation
by molecules. Insolation converted to
either infrared radiation or chemical energy.
Land and water absorb energy at different rates.
Conduction- transfer of energy from
warmer to cooler materials
Convection- transfer of energy by
vertical movement of gas or liquid.
Advection- transfer of energy by horizontal
movement of gas or liquid.
Earth- cool-body radiator
Sun- hot-body radiator
Greenhouse effect- infrared radiation absorbed by
gasses, etc.
Net radiation
Figure 4.14
(page103) is very important! Equatorial surpluses move to polar deficit
Figure 4.15
(page104) is very important! Daily radiation curves- must know
Absorbed insolation at noon, Peak temperature around
3 pm, coldest (most re-radiated by dawn)
Urban heat islands- effect that cities have upon
radiation and temperature (page 109)
Global
Temperatures
Heat- form of energy that flows
between objects/systems because they are at different temperatures
Temperature: measure of the average
kinetic energy of individual molecules in matter
Both are related because changes in temperature are
caused by absorption or emission of heat energy.
Principal
Temperature Controls:
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Latitude
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Altitude
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Cloud Cover
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Land-water heating Differences
The 5
Land-water Temperature Controls:
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Evaporation
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Transparency
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Specific Heat
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Movement
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Ocean Currents/Sea-surface Temperatures
Marine vs.
Continental Effects
Components of heat index: temperature and humidity
Atmospheric circulation transfers energy and mass on
a great scale- energy balance, weather patterns and sea currents.
Driving Forces
within Atmosphere:
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Gravity
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Pressure
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Gradient force
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Coriolis Effect
How wind is created, role of air pressure
Table 6.2 (page 155) on the Four Hemispheric Pressure
Areas
General model of total atmospheric circulation (page
158)
Types of Local Winds: land-sea breezes,
mountain-valley, santa anna and monsoonal
Driving
forces of ocean currents:
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Wind
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Coriolis Effect
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Water density differences (temperature and salinity)
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Topography
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Tides
Deep ocean currents
Gulf Stream, western intensification and Upwelling
current
Thermopause
Insolation
Solar Constant
Subsolar Point
Isotherm
thermal equator
Air pressure
Coriolis Effect
Isobar
Trade winds
Ridges and troughs
Jet Stream