Define:

Pesticide

-cide

Biocide

Broad spectrum biocide

Herbicide

Ovicide

Avicide

Rodenticide

Insecticide

Matricide

Patricide

Fratricide

Fungicide

DDT

Generalist species

Specialist species

Migratory species

Endemic species

Crop

Pickling solutions

Alcohol as a pesticide

Toxin

Toxic

Toxicity

Toxicology

Toxicological characteristics

Acid

Organic pest control

Biocontrol

Chemical pest control

Organic chemicals

Inorganic chemicals

Organophosphates

Chlorinated hydrocarbon

Carbamates

Fumigant

Pesticide resurgence

Pestcide resistance

Mutation

Evolution and pesticide resistance

Pesticide treadmill

Bioconcentration

Bioaccumulation

Grasshopper effect

Long-term effects

Short-term effects

Migrant farm workers

Regenerative agriculture

Monoculture crops

Polyculture crops

Row crops

Rotating crops or crop rotation

Bacillus thuringiensis or BT

IPM – integrated pest management

Carcinogen

Mutagen

Teratogen

Delaney Clause

What is a pest?

List some common pests and why they are considered pests.

What are pesticides?

List some major pesticides.

Why do we use pesticides?

What is DDT?

How does DDT cause damage to the environment?

Why is DDT widely used?

Where is DDT widely used?

What effect did DDT have on a Florida lake’s alligator population?

What is DDE?

What effect does DDE have on humans and alligators?

How many species exist in the world?

How many of all the species in the world cause most of the crop damage around the world?

What percentage of the total worldwide crop damage is caused by these few ‘pests’?

List the major crops produced around the world.

Why were/are alcohol and pickling solutions used to store foods in ancient times and today.

What characteristics makes pickling solutions effective pesticides?

How do alcohol and acids/pickling solutions function as pesticide?

Why do we ‘preserve’ foods?

Why do ‘pests’ invade our foods?

What is ‘biocontrol’?

How do geese act as biocontrol agents?

How are microbes used as biocontrol agents?

Compare and contrast biocontrol vs chemical pesticides.

How are fungi used as biocontrol agents?

How are insects used as biocontrol agents?

List some common biocontrol agents and the ‘pests’ that they control.

How is knowledge of the life cycle of a pest used in biocontrol?

What is an ‘IPM’ or Integrated Pest Management system?

What discovery began the ‘Modern Era of Chemical Pest Control’?

What attributes make an organism ideal as a ‘Pest’?

What type of growth curve would the typical ‘pest’ have?

How does this type growth curve make the ‘pest’ more effective as a ‘pest’?

How does this type growth curve make the ‘pest’ more resistant to ‘control’?

Are pests classified as pioneer species or climax species.

Compare and contrast pesticide use in wealthy, developed countries vs in poor, developing countries.

On a worldwide basis, what is the most common use of pesticides?

What type of pests are controlled most with pesticides?

Around the world – which countries use the most pesticides?

Why do these countries use pesticides?

What type of pesticide is most common in agriculture?

What type of pesticide is most common in households?

What type of pesticide is most common in factories/industry?

What type of pesticide is most common in restaurants?

Why is it useful to classify pesticides by their chemical structure?

What does the chemical structure do for the toxicity of a chemical?

How is chemical structure related to toxicological characteristics?

Compare and contrast ‘inorganic’ vs ‘organic’.

List some inorganic pesticides.

List some organic pesticides.

Which type pesticide, organic or inorganic, has the longest ‘life’ in the environment?

Which type pesticide, organic or inorganic, the most toxic in the environment?

Is DDT an organic or inorganic chemical?

List some organophosphate pesticides and their ‘mode of action’.

What is a chlorinated hydrocarbon?

Why do we use so many chlorinated hydrocarbons?

What is a carbamate?

What is a fumigant?

Which pesticide is particularly toxic to bees?

Why is this toxicity for bees an issue in the USA?

Which type of pesticide is particularly toxic to the workers who apply them?

Why is it a real problem for the person applying them?

How would you relate this info to your home life?

Do you have your home ‘professionally’ sprayed?

Do you have children in your home after it has been ‘sprayed’?

Go to your local WalMart/Lowes/HomeDepot/HEB grocery and go to the ‘pesticide’ section. Take a deep breath. Do you smell anything?

What are you smelling?

Remember from Chapter 3, Matter Energy and Life, that all organisms use the same chemical reactions to sustain ‘life’?

Chemical Pesticides are chemicals that STOP these vital, chemical reactions –and thereby ‘kill’ the pest.

All organisms use the same chemical reactions to maintain ‘life’.

How does body ‘mass’ affect chemical pesticide activity?

List some diseases that are prevented by ‘pesticides’.

List the ‘pests’ that cause those diseases.

Why do we use pesticides in agriculture?

Describe the best way to use a ‘new’ pesticide.

When a pesticide is released/applied, what percentage of that pesticide actually reaches the intended pest?

What happens to the percentage of a pesticide that does not reach the intended pest?

What is pesticide resurgence?

What is pesticide resistance?

How do pests become resistant to pesticides?

What did President Suharto of the Indonesia do about pesticide resistance?

How is ‘mutation’ related to evolution and pesticide resistance, and pest resurgence?

List the ways that pests become resistant to pesticides?

Can an organism that has never been exposed to a pesticide be resistant to that pesticide?

How can an organism become resistant to a pesticide to which it has never been exposed?

Describe the ‘pesticide treadmill’.

Which types of ‘pests’ have developed pesticide resistance?

Why are ‘pest’ predators so adversely affected by pesticides?

What is bioconcentration?

What is bioaccumulation?

How does bioaccumulation occur?

Which organisms are most affected by bioaccumulation?

What is the ‘grasshopper effect’?

What are ‘persistent organic pollutants’?

What is POPs?

Where are POP’s a significant problem?

List the long-term effects of pesticides on humans.

How are humans exposed to these pesticides?

Why are long-term effects more problematic than ‘short-term’ effects?

Describe ability to scientifically and legally establish the link between pesticides and human health effects.

Describe the ‘duration’ of the studies that support the use of pesticides.

Are they long-term or short-term?

Why are the chemicals studied for this time period?

How are migrant farm workers affected by agricultural chemicals?

Compare and contrast pesticide use in ‘kitchens, soybean fields, and golf courses’.

What is ‘regenerative agriculture’?

Who are Dick and Sharon Thompson?

List some ‘behavioral changes’ that would be associated with pesticide use.

What was the ‘Delaney Clause’?

What did the ‘Delaney Clause’ do? When?

What is a ‘quintillion’?

Why was the Delaney Clause amended in 1996?

What was the ‘zero risk requirement’?

How can YOU decrease the potential for ‘bioaccumulation’ of pesticides in your diet?

How can YOU reduce your exposure to pesticides?