ENGLISH 1301 - ESSENTIALS OF GRAMMAR - Mr. Castillo
 
Name:___________________________________________Date:_____________________
 
Listen carefully as I discuss these grammar items with you. Complete this sheet as I discuss these items.  If you have a question , interrupt me at any point!
 
1.  Any group of words containing a _________________________________ and a 

____________________________ is called a ______________________________. 
 
2. There are ________________________ types of ______________________________.
(1) The____________________________    _______________________ can be a 

sentence by _________________________________. 
 
(2) The ________________________    ____________________________cannot be a 

sentence by ______________________________. 

To be a sentence it must be attached to an __________________________________. 
 
3. The________________________________    __________________________ begins 

with a _______________________________________________________________. 
 
THE MOST COMMON SUBORDINATORS ARE:
 
AFTER, BEFORE, SINCE, UNTIL, WHEN, WHENEVER, WHILE, AS, BECAUSE, THAT, SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT, IF, UNLESS, ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, THOUGH, WHERE, WHEREVER, RATHER THAN
The above words are subordinators; only when they appear in FRONTof a subject and a verb!
 
TROUBLESOME SUBORDINATORS: WHO, WHICH, THAT. If one of these words appears in front of verbs, then these words are BOTH subjects AND subordinators.
EXAMPLES: who won the race; which was selected; that landed in the field
 
4. If a clause DOES NOT BEGIN with a subordinator, then the clause is automatically an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. If a clause DOES BEGIN with a subordinator then the clause is automatically a DEPENDENT CLAUSE. SO LOOK FOR A SUBJECT AND A VERB: THEN LOOK FOR ONE OF THESE SUBORDINATOR WORDS.
 
5. If a sentence DOES NOT CONTAIN AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE, then the group of words is called a FRAGMENT!
 
6. If you want to join two INDEPENDENT CLAUSES, you must use ONE of these two methods: 1.Put a comma PLUS a ____________________between the two clauses. The coordinators are AND, BUT, OR, NOR ,FOR, SO,YET.
 
7. Put a ________________________________between the two independent clauses.
 
IF YOU DO NOT WRITE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES IN THESE WAYS THEN YOU WILL HAVE A RUN-ON SENTENCE. JUST THINK: NO MORE FRAGMENTS OR RUN-ONS!!!!
 
Each coordinating conjunction has a specific meaning that establishes the relationship between the ideas in a coordinate sentence.

COORDINATORS:
 

MEANING OF THE COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunction
 Meaning
Function

 *COORDINATORS*
and 
but 
for 
nor 
or 
so 
yet

 also in addition to 
however 
because 
an additional negative 
an alternative 
therefore 
nevertheless

 to join 
to contrast 
to show cause 
to make the second element negative 
to show more than one possibility 
to show result 
to contrast 

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE  +, COORDINATOR  +  INDEPENDENT CLAUSE  =  COMPOUND SENTENCE
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE  +;  INDEPENDENT CLAUSE  =  COMPOUND SENTENCE

SUBORDINATORS:
 

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS AND THE RELATIONSHIPS THEY IMPLY

 Time 
Reason or Cause 
Result or Effect 
Condition 
Concession 
Location 
Choice 
*SUBORDINATORS*
after, before, once, since, until, when, whenever, while 
as, because 
in order that, so that 
if even, if, provided that, unless 
although, eventhough, though 
where, wherever 
rather than, than, whether 

SUBORDINATOR + SUBJECT AND VERB = DEPENDENT CLAUSE
 
Notice how a change in the subordinatinq conjunction can change your meaning.
 
After you have been-checked in, you cannot leave the security area without a pass. (time limit)
 
Because you have been checked in, you cannot leave the security area without a pass. (reason)
 
Unless you have been checked in, you cannot leave the security area without a pass. (condition)
 
Although you have been checked in, you cannot leave the security area without a pass. (concession) 
 

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