These are the Objectives for the one semester Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology course Biol 2404
These Objectives serve as base objectives for the two semester Human Anatomy and Physiology Biol 2401 and 2402, also.

Define anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology

Name the levels of organization of the body and explain each

Name the organ systems of the body

Define homeostasis and give an example of a typical homeostatic mechanism

Describe the anatomical position -

Describe the sagittal, midsagittal, transverse and frontal planes

Use proper terminology to describe the location of body parts with respect to one another

Name the body cavities, their membranes and some organs within each cavity

Explain the four quadrants of the abdomen and name the organs in those areas

Define matter, element, atom, proton, neutron, and electron

Using symbols, name some common elements found in the body

Describe the purpose of ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds in the body

Describe what happens in synthesis and decomposition reactions

Explain the importance of water to the function of the body

Describe where water is found in the body

Explain the roles of oxygen and carbon dioxide in cell respiration

Explain pH and state normal pH ranges in body fluids

Explain how a buffer system resists major pH changes

Describe the functions and types of sugars, fats, and proteins

Explain how enzymes function as catalysts

Describe the function of DNA, RNA and ATP

Name the organic molecules that make up the cell membrane and state their functions

State the arrangement of the molecules in the cell membrane

State the five functions of proteins in the cell membrane

Describe the cytoplasm

Describe how the cell membrane regulates the composition of the cytoplasm

Explain isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions and their effects on the cell

State the function of the nucleus and chromosomes

Describe the function of the cell organelles

Define each of these cellular transport mechanisms and give an example of the role of each in the body: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, filtration, phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Describe what happens in mitosis and meiosis and describe the importance of each

Describe the four major categories of tissues and give general characteristics of each

Describe the function of epithelial tissue depending on their location

Describe the functions of connective tissue and relate them to the function of the body or an organ system Explain the basic differences between smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle

Describe in brief nervous tissue

Name the organs made of nerve tissue

Describe the location of pleural membranes, pericardial membranes, and the perineum-mesentery

State the location of mucous membranes and state the function of mucus

Name some membranes made of connective tissue

Integument

State the three functions of the integumentary system

Name the two layers of skin

State the location and function of the stratum corneum and the stratum germinativum

Describe the function of melanocytes and melanin

Describe the function of hair and nails

Describe the functions of the secretions of sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands and eccrine sweat glands

Describe how the arterioles in the dermis respond to heat, cold, and stress

Name the tissues that make up the subcutaneous tissue and describe their functions

Describe the function of the skeleton

Explain how bones are classified and give an example of each

Describe how the embryonic skeleton is replaced by bone

State the nutrients necessary for bone growth

Name the hormones involved in bone growth and maintenance

Explain what is meant by exercise for bones and explain its importance

Identify the two major subdivisions of the skeleton and list the bones in each area

Explain how joints are classified; give an example of each and describe the movements possible

Describe the parts of a synovial joint and explain their function

Describe muscle structure in terms of muscle cells, tendons and bones

Describe the difference between antagonistic and synergistic muscles

Name the energy sources for muscle contraction and state the simple equation for cell respiration

Explain the importance of hemoglobin and myoglobin and oxygen debt and lactic acid

Describe the neuromuscular junction and explain the function for each part

Describe the structure of a sarcomere

Explain polarization, depolarization and repolarization in terms of ions and charges

Describe the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

State the major muscles of the body and their functions

Name the divisions of the nervous system and state the general functions of each

Name the parts of a neuron and the function of each

Explain the importance of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and neuroglia in the central nervous system

Describe the electrical nerve impulse and impulse transmission at the synapse

Describe the types of neurons, nerves and nerve tracts

Explain the importance of stretch reflexes and flexor reflexes

Describe the reflex arc

State the functions of the parts of the brain and locate each part on a diagram

Name the meninges and describe their locations

State the locations and functions of cerebrospinal fluid

Explain the general purpose of sensations

Name the parts of the sensory pathway and the general functions of each part

Describe the characteristics of sensations

Name the cutaneous senses and explain their purpose

Explain referred pain and explain its importance

Explain the importance of proprioception, or muscle sense

Describe the pathways for the senses of smell and taste and explain how these senses are interrelated

Name the parts of the eye and explain their function in sight

Name the parts of the ear and explain their function in hearing

Describe the physiology of equilibrium

Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands

Define hormone and prostaglandin

Identify the primary endocrine glands and list the major hormones secreted by each

Explain the roles of positive and negative feedback mechanisms in hormone secretions

Describe the relationship between parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Describe the relationship between insulin and glucagon

Explain what prostaglandins are made of and state some of their functions

Explain how protein hormones are believed to exert their effects

Explain how steroid hormones are believed to exert their effects

Describe the primary functions of blood

List the formed elements of blood and state the primary functions of each

Name the hemopoietic tissues and the kinds of blood cells each produces

Describe what happens to red blood cells at the end of their life span including the fate of hemoglobin

Explain the ABO and Rh blood types

Name the five kinds of white blood cells and the functions of each

State what platelets are and explain how they are involved in hemostasis

Describe the three stages of blood clotting

Explain how abnormal clotting is prevented in the vascular system

Describe the location of the heart in terms of body cavities and relationship to other structures

Name the chambers of the heart and the vessels that enter or leave each

State the valves of the heart and their function

State how heart sounds are created

Trace the pathway of a blood cell throughout the body

Describe coronary circulation

Describe the cardiac conduction pathway and its relationship to a normal electrocardiogram

Explain stroke volume, cardiac output and Starling’s law of the heart

Explain how the nervous system regulates the function of the heart

Describe the structure and function of each of the blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries

Describe the exchange of gases that occur at the capillary level

Name the major systemic arteries and the parts of the body they nourish

Name the major systemic veins and the parts of the body they drain of blood

Define blood pressure and state the normal ranges for the systolic and diastolic indices

Describe the functions of the lymphatic system

State how lymph is formed

Describe the system of lymph vessels and explain how lymph is returned to the blood

State the location and function of lymph nodules and nodes

State the location and function of the spleen

Define immunity

Explain the role of the thymus in immunity

Explain the differences between humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity

Compare and contrast the development and function of B cells and T cells

Describe the differences between acquired immunity and genetic immunity

Explain how vaccines work

State the general function of the respiratory system

State the pathway of the respiratory system including nasal cavities, pharynx and larynx ra~f’~’~

State the function of the turbinates (conchae)  in the nasal cavity

Describe the structure and function of the larynx and the speaking mechanism

State the roles of the visceral and parietal pleura in respiration

State the changes in air pressure within the thoracic cavity during respiration

Explain the diffusion of gases in external and internal respiration

Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood

Explain the nervous and chemical mechanisms that regulate respiration

Explain how respiration affects the pH of certain body fluids

Describe the general function of the digestive system and name the major divisions ~

Identify the accessory organs of digestion

Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion

Describe the structure and function of the teeth and tongue

Explain the function of saliva

Describe the location and function of the pharynx and esophagus

List and describe the four layers of the alimentary canal

Describe the difference in absorption between the large and small intestine

Describe the function of the normal flora in the colon

Define peristalsis

Define chyme

State the normal range of body temperature

Define metabolism, catabolism and anabolism

State the different ways heat is generated and lost in the body

State why the hypothalamus is the thermostat of the body

State what the products of cell respiration are and how the body disposes of them

Describe the metabolic roles of fats, glucose and proteins

Describe basal metabolic rate and the factors that affect it

Define kilocalories

Describe the water compartments and the name for the water in each

Explain how water moves between the compartments

Explain how water is taken in by the body and exits the body

Describe the location and general function of each organ in the urinary system

Name the parts of a nephron

Define glomerular filtration rate

Describe how the kidneys function in maintaining normal blood volume and pressure

Describe how the kidneys help to maintain normal blood pH and electrolyte balance

State the hormones that affect kidney function

Explain the interaction between capillary blood pressure and blood proteins

Describe the characteristics of normal urine

Define diploid and haploid

Describe the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Define gametes

Name the hormones necessary for the formation of gametes

List the essential and accessory organs of the male and female, give the general function of each

Identify and describe the structures that constitute external genitals in both sexes

Name the parts of a sperm cell

Define endometrium

Briefly describe the life cycle of an oocyte

Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of change sin hormone levels and the condition of the endometrium

Beginning with fertilization, describe the major developmental changes during gestation

Describe the structure and function of the placenta and umbilical cord

Describe the difference between fetal circulation/respiration and adult circulation/respiration

State the length of an average gestation period

Describe the states of labor

Describe the major changes that take place in an infant at birth

Define genetic disease

Explain how genes can cause disease

Define homologous chromosomes, autosomes, sex chromosomes and genes

Define alleles, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, and heterozygous

Discuss the difference between dominant and recessive traits

List some important genetic diseases

Explain how microorganisms are named and classified

Describe the distribution of and the benefits of normal flora

Explain what is meant by infectious disease

Describe the different methods by which infectious diseases are spread

List some important infectious diseases