Review of the Vascular system.

Trace the pathway of a blood cell throughout the body: use the Right atrium as the beginning point. Be sure that you can describe IN DETAIL, the valves through which it passes in the heart, the chambers, the vessels through the lungs and back to the heart, out of the heart, to the peripheral tissues in the upper and lower extremities, to the head, etc. BE ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN TO MENTION THE CAPILLARIES!

Describe the three layers of a blood vessel wall.

Describe the structure and function of each of the vessels

Movement of blood

Arterial side- contractions and pulsating flow

Veins – gravity, skeletal muscle, contraction, respiration, steady flow (blood coming along behind pushes the blood in front along)

Blood pressure – define: the force exerted by blood on the vessel walls –

What are the normal ranges? What causes these values to change? What happens when they change?

What are the three components of BP?

What are the three types of Resistance – Vascular and turbulence and viscosity?

In a healthy body – which is most controlled by body?

Define Systolic pressure; Diastolic pressure; Pulse pressure.

Describe gas exchange at the capillary level

Describe Hydrostatic (Blood) pressure vs. osmotic pressure vs. diffusion.

Describe water-soluble vs fat-soluble ions.

What are the Proteins in the vascular system?

What are the functions of albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen?

What is Edema? What causes edema? What normally prevents edema?

What are the sounds of Korotkoff – sphygmomanometer and stethoscope

How it works, what the different sounds represent.

How is the CardioVascular system regulated?

The Goal has three parts: 1) flow at right time 2) in right place 3) w/o critically altering flow to vital organs.

What are the Local regulating factors vs neural vs Endocrine regulations?

What is the goal of Short term vs. Long-term control of the cardio vascular system? What is the purpose of Vasodilators vs vasoconstrictors?

What are baroreceptors vs chemoreceptors? Where are they located? What is the function of each?

How does the CNS, ANS and sympathetic/ parasympathetic control the cardio vascular system? Which major cranial nerve is REAL important to the cardiovascular system?

How does Exercise affect the cardiovascular system

Two types of Exercise – light vs heavy

What is Preload and frank starling’s law

Supply to vital organs – heart, lungs and brain

How do Professional Athlete’s hearts differ from that of a normal, nonathlete?

Hemorrhaging: primary goal vs long term goal

Short term vs long term

Hepatic portal system (vein) – what is a portal system?

Digestive system blood supply – ported to liver (hepatic)

Role of liver in blood cleaning

Fetal circulation

Placenta

Umbilical arteries (2 of em)

Umbilical vein

Ductus venosus

Vena cava

Ductus arteriosus

Foramen ovale

Birth – ovale and ductus arteriosus close.w/in seconds.

Ligamentum arteriosum.

6 different proteins in/on the cell membrane? What does each do?

Protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Describe it and it’s role in vascular system.

Characteristics of water? How does the human body use each characteristics to help maintain homeostasis? Which characteristics specifically support the vascular system? How does water support the cellular transport mechanisms in the vascular system?

Cellular transport mechanisms. Or how/why things move between one location and another – i.e. diffusion, osmosis, etc. Know how each functions, how each is different from the others, how each is affected by the cell membrane. Define semi-permeable membrane. How do these mechanisms affect the vascular system?

Define stress. What are some things that stress the vascular system?

Use the standard anatomical position to describe the location of the vascular organs, nerves, etc.

What are the epithelial tissues associated with vascular system?

How is the vascular system linked to the skeletal, blood, cardio, nervous, digestive, reproductive, integumentary, muscular, endocrine, respiratory, lymphatic/immune, and urinary systems?

Review of previous chapters questions

Connective tissue: no free border

What is the function of CT in the vascular system?

Matrix and components: ground substance, matrix molecules, hyaluronic and proteoglycans, specialized cells

3 fiber types: where are they found in the vascular system? What roles do they play?

Describe the different types of connective tissue and the specialized matrix and cells of each. What is connective tissue proper and its divisions; fluid CT; specialized/structural CT; RBCs; WBCs; 5 types of WBCs and characteristics of each; fibrocytes, osteocytes, -cytes, -blasts, -clasts, perichondrium. How are these structures connected to the vascular system?

3 types of cartilage and characteristics

Examples of each CT type, each cartilage type and where it can be found,

Mast cells, adipocytes, macrophages,

What are the macrophages of the vascular system?

4 types of membranes: Mucous, serous, synovial, cutaneous: differences, where each is found, examples

What are the membranes associated with the vascular system? Define epineurium, endoneurium, etc. Where is each found in the vascular system?

Name some membranes made of connective tissue

Inflammation – define; 5 signs, histamine, How does this affect the vascular system? What causes the ‘pain’ in inflammation? How does this affect the vascular system?

Tissue repair – regeneration, replacement. How does this affect the vascular system? What are the ‘levels of organization’ (chp 1) in the vascular system? How does tissue repair affect vascular system organization?