Primary Function

Supporting functions

How much urine produced each day?

4 excretory systems of body

Organs of urinary system; specific function of each; location; characteristics

Retroperitoneal

Nephron – function; how many per kidney

Parts: glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, podocytes, capillary, proximal convoluted tubule, Descending and Ascending limbs of the Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, Osmotic pressures in each part, Collecting ducts, renal papillae, renal sinuses, calyx (major and minor), renal columns, renal pyramids, hilum, renal capsule vs bowman’s capsule.

Location of each part? In cortex, medulla?

Function of each part

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

3 processes that make urine

What is ‘filtration pressure’? Where is it important in renal functions? What is the ‘minimum’ value? What ‘opposes’ filtration pressure?

Glomerular filtration rate

Capillary blood pressure vs. blood proteins

Angiotensin, renin, Angiotensin I and II

How does kidney function in maintaining normal blood volume and pressure

4 Hormones – what kidney function each targets, how each supports the other.

Normal blood pH and electrolyte balance

What are the characteristics of normal urine

Renal function is regulated 3 ways – what are they, and why is each important

What is the ‘Counter current mechanism ‘?

How does the nephron ‘concentrate’ urine? How does the nephron ‘reabsorb’ water? Describe the mechanism. Compare/contrast the characteristics of the cortex and medulla. How do these characteristics affect the Descending limb, loop, and ascending limb of Henle? The Capillary bed? To what does ‘counter current’ refer?

What is the force that cause water to move in the body? Describe how that force is created in the kidney (and elsewhere in the body).

Where is water found in the body?

Define Homeostasis – Next chapter J

What is the acid/base balance?

Fluid balance

Electrolyte balance

What are the water compartments of the body?

What are the components of the liquid in each compartment?

How does water move between the compartments?

How does the body take in water?

How does the body lose water?

Know the properties of normal urine – if I give you a value, know that it is normal or abnormal and what that suggests about the patient.

What does mOsm – or osmolarity mean?

Know the pH scale – and what H stands for.

What are the three balances (equilibriums) that the body maintains?

Be able to define homeostasis using these three equilibriums. In other words – what is the final definition for Homeostasis?

What is a 2-word description of how the urinary system achieves its primary function?

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

Know the parts of the nephron; the renal corpuscle,

Know where things are reabsorbed from the filtrate/urine

Know where things are secreted to the filtrate/urine

Know how the loop of Henle affects the concentration gradient (osmolarity and osmotic gradient) of the kidney tissues as you go from the cortex to the medulla. Remember the discussion from pages 880-883? And figures 26.15 and 26.16, 26.17?

What is each of the following? How is it used as a diagnostic tool? What are the ‘normal values’?

Acidosis and alkalosis what are they and what does respiratory or metabolic tell you?

Urea

Creatinine (vs. creatine)

pH

O2

How does the body filter ‘fluids’? List the 4 places AND describe how the ‘cleaning’ is accomplished. What mechanism is used in each location to ‘clean/filter’ the blood.

6 different proteins in/on the cell membrane? What does each do?

Protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Describe it and it’s role in Nervous system.

Characteristics of water? How does the human body use each characteristics to help maintain homeostasis? Which characteristics specifically support the urinary system? How does water support the cellular transport mechanisms in the urinary system?

Cellular transport mechanisms. Or how/why things move between one location and another – i.e. diffusion, osmosis, etc. Know how each functions, how each is different from the others, how each is affected by the cell membrane. Define semi-permeable membrane. How do these mechanisms affect the urinary system?

Define stress. What are some things that stress the urinary system?

Use the standard anatomical position to describe the location of the urinary organs, structures etc.

What are the muscles and sphincters that support the function of the urinary system?

What are the epithelial tissues associated with urinary system?

How is the nervous system linked to the skeletal, vascular, digestive, reproductive, integumentary, muscular, endocrine, respiratory, lymphatic/immune, and urinary systems?

Connective tissue: no free border

What is the function of CT in the urinary system?

Matrix and components: ground substance, matrix molecules, hyaluronic and proteoglycans, specialized cells

3 fiber types: where are they found in the urinary system? What roles do they play?

The different types of connective tissue and the specialized matrix and cells of each: connective tissue proper and its divisions, fluid CT, specialized/structural CT: RBCs, WBCs, 5 types of WBC, characteristics of each, fibrocytes, osteocytes, cytes, blasts, clasts, perichondrium, periosteum,

3 types of cartilage and characteristics

Examples of each CT type, each cartilage type and where it can be found,

Mast cells, adipocytes, macrophages,

What are the macrophages of the urinary system?

4 types of membranes: Mucous, serous, synovial, cutaneous: differences, where each is found, examples

What are the membranes associated with the urinary system? Define epineurium, endoneurium, etc.

Name some membranes made of connective tissue.

Inflammation – define; 5 signs, histamine, How does this affect the urinary system?

Tissue repair – regeneration, replacement. How does this affect the urinary system? What are the ‘levels of organization’ (chp 1) in the urinary system? How does tissue repair affect urinary system organization?