A&P Review Special Senses
Describe Sensations – what are they, how do they help us maintain Homeostasis? What is the function of each of the special senses?
Describe the 5 special senses: Smell, taste, sight, hearing and balance.
Where is touch in this list?
How are smell and taste inter-related? How are hearing and balance inter-related?
Smell: types of receptors for each sense: chemo, mechano, baro – receptors – etc.
What are the 7 primary odors?
Define olfactory fatigue.
What is the: cribiform plate, ethmoid bone, olfactory bulb and nerve endings, olfactory epithelium, relationship to thalamus. How is each of these tied to the sense of smell?
Taste: what are the primary tastes; on which regions of tongue is each found? What is Gustatory fatigue?
Eye: Know the parts and their functions – external: eyebrows, eyelashes, caruncle, canthi, eyelids, tear ducts, lacrimal canal, conjunctiva, canal of Schlemm. Eyeball/Internal eye structures/parts: Cornea, two cavities, two chambers, iris, pupil, lens, papillary bodies, three tunics (neural, vascular, fibrous – AKA’s) and functions, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, optic disc, macula lutea, fovea centralis, rods, cones.
What are the parts of the eye that affect light waves? Be able to describe the parts through which a light wave must pass as it enters the eye and eventually contacts the sensory nerve endings. Know them in order. What would a malfunction of one or all of these do to the sense of sight?
What is accommodation? What is hyperopia and myopia?
Hearing and Balance: how are they connected?
Ear: Know the parts and fxs of each of these structures, too.
External parts: pinna/auricle; external auditory canal/meatus; ceruminous glands, tympanum.
Middle ear: tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, auditory ossicles – hammer, anvil, stirrup and AKA’s;
Inner ear – oval window, Cochlea, round window, membranous and bony labyrinths. Endolymph, perilymph. Explain the connection between sound wavelength and the sensory organs of the membranous labyrinth. Organ of Corti. Collagen fibers and sound perception.
What is the function of the tympanic membrane and the auditory ossicles?
Equilibrium: Define equilibrium in this context.
How do the Semicircular canals, vestibule, ampulla, hair cells, saccule, Otoliths function in the sense of balance?
What is dynamic vs static equilibrium? What causes hair cells to move in each?
How do we sense the effects of Gravity vs sensing the movement of the head?
6 different proteins in/on the cell membrane? What does each do?
Protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Describe it and it’s role in special senses system.
Characteristics of water? How does the human body use each characteristics to help maintain homeostasis? Which characteristics specifically support the special senses system? How does water support the cellular transport mechanisms in the special senses system?
Cellular transport mechanisms. Or how/why things move between one location and another – i.e. diffusion, osmosis, etc. Know how each functions, how each is different from the others, how each is affected by the cell membrane. Define semi-permeable membrane. How do these mechanisms affect the special senses system?
Define stress. What are some things that stress the special senses system?
Use the standard anatomical position to describe the location of the special senses organs, etc.
What are the epithelial tissues associated with special senses system?
How is the special senses system linked to the skeletal, nervous, vascular, digestive, reproductive, integumentary, muscular, endocrine, respiratory, lymphatic/immune, and urinary systems?
Review of previous chapters questions
Connective tissue: no free border
What is the function of CT in the special senses system?
Matrix and components: ground substance, matrix molecules, hyaluronic and proteoglycans, specialized cells
3 fiber types: where are they found in the special senses system? What roles do they play?
Describe the different types of connective tissue and the specialized matrix and cells of each. What is connective tissue proper and its divisions; fluid CT; specialized/structural CT; RBCs; WBCs; 5 types of WBCs and characteristics of each; fibrocytes, osteocytes, -cytes, -blasts, -clasts, perichondrium. How are these structures connected to the special senses?
3 types of cartilage and characteristics
Examples of each CT type, each cartilage type and where it can be found,
Mast cells, adipocytes, macrophages,
What are the macrophages of the special senses system?
4 types of membranes: Mucous, serous, synovial, cutaneous: differences, where each is found, examples
What are the membranes associated with the special senses system? Define epineurium, endoneurium, etc.
Name some membranes made of connective tissue
Inflammation – define; 5 signs, histamine, How does this affect the special senses system? What causes the ‘pain’ in inflammation? How does this affect the special senses system?
Tissue repair – regeneration, replacement. How does this affect the special senses system? What are the ‘levels of organization’ (chp 1) in the special senses system? How does tissue repair affect special senses system organization?