General function of the Respiratory system.

Specific functions – 4

4 excretory systems of the body and what each excretes.

2 portions of the respiratory system – what is the function of each portion

Dead space, dead air space.

Pathway of air. Start with air outside of body, name each structure (and its role) through which O2 passes in order for O2 to be absorbed into blood plasma. What does sympathetic stimulation do to each of these structures? Which parts are ‘dead air space’ and which are functional in gas exchange?

Nose

Nasal cavity

Concha / turbinates

Mucus membrane

Sinuses, cilia, tear ducts

Epithelial lining and characteristics- why it has those characteristics,

Pharynx – three parts, type and function of epithelial lining in each section, boundaries of each section. Hard and Soft palate, uvula. Auditory tubes. Tonsils

Larynx – voice box. How is sound produced? Low tones, High pitch tones. How do the sinuses, mouth and nasal cavities, lips, cheeks etc affect voice sounds.

Glottis and Epiglottis

Thyroid and Cricoid cartilage – role and function

Trachea- Windpipe, physical characteristics, shape and role of cartilage. What is epithelial surface like?

Bronchi – primary (describe each as it goes into the lungs), secondary, tertiary, etc. characteristics, cartilage vs. muscles

Bronchioles – characteristics, smooth muscle,

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs

Alveoli – how many? What is surface area?

Respiratory Membrane? Characteristics and function of each characteristic. Diffusion between alveolar AIR and blood. What are characteristics that facilitate diffusion?

Alveolar macrophage

Surfactant cells – what is a surfactant? Respiratory distress syndrome.

Blood Circulation to Respiratory Membrane – what effect would an Embolus have?

Bronchitis, Tuberculosis, Asthma, Emphysema

Lungs – characteristics, cardiac notch, Elastic fibers, spongy tissue, volume changes

Pleural Cavities:

Membranes, role of each and fluid.

Muscles: Diaphragm; External and Internal Intercostals; Passive and Active breathing

Respiratory changes at birth. What is condition of respiratory system before birth? How does fetus get O2 and loose CO2? Heroic first breath- why called that? Forensic Pathology and stillborn baby.

Changes in air pressure in thoracic cavity during respiration.

Respiratory cycle

Relationship between atmospheric pressure and pressure inside the respiratory tract.

How does expansion and contraction of thoracic cavity and rib cage affect air pressure? Be sure you know what expansion does vs. what contraction does, which muscles are responsible for expansion and for contraction. What happens when the pressure inside the respiratory tract equalizes with atmospheric pressure? Pleural membranes and fluid functions in breathing. Pneumothorax? Collapsed lung?

Quiet breathing vs. Forced breathing.

Vital capacity

Define Tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume,

Define Residual volume, minimal volume.

Gas exchange: percent N, O, CO2, water vapor in air. Partial pressures and effect of partial pressures. What is partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air? What is it in the blood/tissues? What is partial pressure of CO2 in alveolar air? In blood/tissues? How does this affect gas exchange? Diffusion?

Normal venous blood contains how much O2? Why is this important?

Diffusion of gases in external and internal respiration. What happens to O2 (CO2) at each location? Alveolar ventilation; External respiration; Internal Respiration; Cellular respiration

How are O2 and CO2 transported in the blood? How do we store O2 in the blood and tissues? What is the role of Hemoglobin in the transport of O2?

Explain the significance of the following equations:

Hb + O2 ß à HbO2

CO2 + H2O ß à H2CO3 ß à (H+) + (HCO3-)

What happens if atmospheric CO2 increases? What happens if the ability of the body to expire CO2 is limited? What happens if the atmospheric O2 increases?

How does the partial pressure of CO2 and O2 affect gas exchange?

How does this affect pH in the body? How much CO2 is carried in the plasma? In hemoglobin? How is the majority transported?

What are the Nervous system controls of the Respiratory System?

Inflation reflex

Deflation reflex

Chemoreceptors – role, where located

Conscious and subconscious controls

What effects do the following have on O2 and Hb? What does Hb mean?

Decrease pH

Decrease pO2 (what does pO2 mean?)

Increase Temperature

Effect of Aging on respiratory system?

Stress? How does the body react to stress and what changes does this cause to the way the respiratory system is functions? ANS; sympathetic and parasympathetic NS’s, adrenaline, ANP, digestive system responses, etc. What are some stress related diseases of the respiratory system?

What are the symptoms of each of these diseases? What causes each? How does each ‘damage’ the ability of the respiratory system to perform it’s functions?

Cystic fibrosis

Respiratory distress syndrome

Tuberculosis

Silicosis

Asthma

Emphysema

Bronchitis

Pneumothorax

Pleurisy

Pleuritis?

What is an epithelial surface? What are the characteristics? What are the different types of epithelial surfaces? What different types of cells – cell shape and function?

How are the different types of connective tissue used in the respiratory system?

How are the different types of muscle tissue used in the respiratory system?

6 different proteins in/on the cell membrane? What does each do?

Protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Describe it.

Characteristics of water? How does the human body use each characteristics to help maintain homeostasis? Which characteristics specifically support the respiratory system?

Cellular transport mechanisms. Or how/why things move between one location and another – i.e. diffusion, osmosis, etc. Know how each functions, how each is different from the others, how each is affected by the cell membrane. Define semi-permeable membrane. How do these mechanisms affect the respiratory system?

Use the standard anatomical position to describe the location of the organs and structures of the respiratory system.

What type of immune system cells are found in the respiratory system? What types of defenses does the respiratory system have?

Define stress. What are some things that stress the respiratory system?