Review

Reproductive System, Development and Inheritance

  1. Primary function

  2. How does this maintain homeostasis?

  3. Gonads

  4. Gametes, meiosis

  5. Fertilization and zygote

  6. Mitosis

  7. Male reproductive system

  8. Primary function

  9. Parts – internal and external

  10. Accessory organs

  11. Vas deferens

  12. Semen producing glands – where they enter the seminal pathway,

  13. Testis – function, parts of the testis

  14. Spermatogenesis/Gametogenesis, process, how long the process takes, number produced, pathway, and stages

  15. Spermatozoa – parts, function of parts, life span, size relative to ovum, why the size difference.

  16. Cryptoorchidism

  17. Dartos and cremasteric muscles

  18. Hernia -How many different types and locations?

  19. Semen – components, where each component is produced and enters pathway, how much for each, characteristics of fluid produced by each, function of the fluid, fructose, seminalplasmin,

  20. Penis – root, body, glans, foreskin

  21. Urethra – adaptations for reproduction

  22. Circumcision – pros and cons; AMA Pediatric Association position, how long has Ped Assoc made its recommendation.

  23. Erection – process,

  24. Hormones that affect reproductive system, where they are produced, what organ they target

  25. Nervous system that controls reproduction, erection, stimulation, etc.

  26. Positive and Negative feedback mechanisms

  27. Female reproductive system

  28. Primary functions

  29. Parts – internal and external

  30. Erection – process.

  31. Ovary – function, physical size and location

  32. Oogenesis (compare to spermatogenesis)

  33. Primary follicle – when produced, meiosis, how many at birth, how many at puberty and why

  34. Graafian folicle

  35. Ovulation when it occurs in menstrual cycle, mittle schmertz,

  36. Corpus luteum

  37. Accessory parts

  38. Fimbria

  39. Uterine tubes

  40. Uterus – wall characteristics, peri myo and endometrium

  41. Vagina

  42. External genitalia: vulva, labia majora/minora, vestibule, glans clitoris, greater vestibular glands, mons pubis

  43. Mammary glands –

  44. What are the hormones that affect the reproductive system, where they are produced, what organ they target?

  45. Nervous system that controls reproduction, erection, stimulation, etc

  46. Menarche, menstrual cycle, menopause, when, why

  47. Menstrual cycle – 3 phases: what happens to uterine lining, what happens to hormone levels at different times during cycle.

  48. Positive and Negative feedback mechanisms

  49. Normal flora and fauna functions

  50. Sexual intercourse

  51. Male vs. female. Effects of CNS and autonomic nervous system stimulation

  52. Function of the ischiocavernosa and bulbospongiosa muscles. Peristalsis. Rhythmic contractions

  53. How many men vs. women complain of sexual intercourse problems

  54. Fertilization – function, where it normally occurs,

  55. Sperm motility, capacitation

  56. Ovum – zona pellucida and oocyte activation

  57. Syngomy

  58. Ectopic pregnancy,

  59. PID - Neisseria gonorrhea, chlamydia, normal flora or fauna, Drug resistant bacteria

  60. Ovum vs. sperm – size, location, capacitation,

  61. Hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase – functions of each, where each is located

  62. Sperm count

  63. Cilia

  64. Major changes during gestation, length of gestation

  65. 3 trimesters – major events during each

  66. Placenta – what is it? What is its function?

  67. What are the parts? What is the function of each?

  68. Umbilical chord.- parts, where it connects to the fetal blood supply

  69. Fetal respiration vs. adult respiration (circulation, too)

  70. Major stages of Labor

  71. Dilation

  72. Expulsion

  73. Placental

  74. Twins – 2 types

  75. Aging – male vs. female

  76. Contraception

  77. Know the internal and external male and female genitalia.

  78. The order of the structures from gonad to external. The structures that are associated with each step from gamete formation to delivery to the vagina.

  79. Spermatogenesis – where, how many, why in testes outside body? Know the pathway, what happens to sperm at each point, and what gets added to the semen stream at each point.

  80. Oogenesis – when it occur, what happens to the developing ova? How many at birth, how many at puberty, how many actually get ovulated?

  81. American Med Asso Pediatric Association and circumcision

  82. PID’s Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

  83. Role of hypothalamus in urinary and reproductive systems.

  84. You are first person on the scene of an accident – you note that the male victim has an apparent erection. When you tell the 911 operator, what does that suggest to the soon to be arriving EMS team?

  85. Genetic disease – what is it?

  86. Karyotype

  87. Human genome project

  88. Translocation

  89. Mutation

  90. Teratogen

  91. Mutagen

  92. Carcinogen

  93. How do genes cause disease?

  94. What is the function of genes?

  95. Homologous chromosomes

  96. Autosomes

  97. Sex chromosomes

  98. Alleles

  99. Genotype

  100. Phenotype

  101. Homozygous

  102. Heterozygous

  103. Dominant traits

  104. Recessive traits

  105. What are some important genetic diseases

    106.

  106. What is the difference between the autosomes and the sex chromosomes?

  107. What is another name for the 23rd pair of chromosomes.

  108. What does ‘sex – linked’ genetic disease mean?

  109. What is the difference between the X chromosome and the Y chromosome?

  110. What does this mean to the male’s ability to transfer sex linked traits to his offspring?

 

Infectious Disease:

  1. How are microorganisms named and classified?

  2. What are the ‘Normal’ flora and fauna of the body? Where are they found?

  3. What are their functions? How do they ‘protect’ us from bad flora/fauna?

  4. Symbiosis, parasitic, commensalism, ammensalism, mutualism, synechrosis

  5. What happens when the homeostatic balance gets upset?

  6. What is meant by infectious disease?

  7. Faculative vs. Obligate pathogen

  8. Why do microbes attack other organisms?

  9. Parasites – 3 types – which is ‘best’ for parasite?

  10. Resistance to antibiotics – how does this occur?

  11. Interspecific gene transfer

  12. Mitochondria vs. chloroplasts

  13. Vectors for infectious disease

 

Some important infectious diseases. Know what they are as well as the potential threats they pose.

  1. VRE

  2. MRSA

  3. Meningitis

  4. Clostridium difficile

  5. Flu

  6. Common cold

Review of previous chapters questions

  1. 6 different proteins in/on the cell membrane? What does each do?

  2. Protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Describe it and it’s role in reproductive system.

  3. Characteristics of water? How does the human body use each characteristic to help maintain homeostasis? Which characteristics specifically support the reproductive system? How does water support the cellular transport mechanisms in the reproductive system?

  4. Cellular transport mechanisms. Or how/why things move between one location and another – i.e. diffusion, osmosis, etc. Know how each functions, how each is different from the others, how each is affected by the cell membrane. Define semi-permeable membrane. How do these mechanisms affect the reproductive system?

  5. Define stress. What are some things that stress the reproductive system? How about stress and Genetic vs. infectious disease? What does stress do to facilitate the symptoms of disease?

  6. Use the standard anatomical position to describe the location of the reproductive organs, structures etc.

  7. What are the muscles and sphincters that support the function of the reproductive system?

  8. What are the epithelial tissues associated with reproductive system?

  9. How is the reproductive system linked to the skeletal, vascular, digestive, nervous, integumentary, muscular, endocrine, respiratory, lymphatic/immune, and urinary systems?

  10. Connective tissue: no free border

  11. What is the function of CT in the reproductive system?

  12. Matrix and components: ground substance, matrix molecules, hyaluronic and proteoglycans, specialized cells

  13. 3 fiber types: where are they found in the urinary system? What roles do they play?

  14. The different types of connective tissue and the specialized matrix and cells of each: connective tissue proper and its divisions, fluid CT, specialized/structural CT: RBCs, WBCs, 5 types of WBC, characteristics of each, fibrocytes, osteocytes, cytes, blasts, clasts, perichondrium, periosteum,

  15. 3 types of cartilage and characteristics

  16. Examples of each CT type, each cartilage type and where it can be found,

  17. Mast cells, adipocytes, macrophages,

  18. What are the macrophages of the reproductive system?

  19. 4 types of membranes: Mucous, serous, synovial, cutaneous: differences, where each is found, and give some examples of each from the reproductive system?

  20. What are the membranes associated with the reproductive system?

  21. Name some membranes made of connective tissue.

  22. Inflammation – define; 5 signs, histamine, How does this affect the reproductive system?

  23. Tissue repair – regeneration, replacement. How does this affect the reproductive system? What are the ‘levels of organization’ (chp 1) in the reproductive system? How does tissue repair affect reproductive system organization?