Review of Lymphatic system and Immune.

Functions of the lymphatic system – 3

Lymph Nodes vs. Nodules

Where each is located

Function of each

How are they similar? Different? - this is a ‘compare and contrast’ question. Be able to describe the physical characteristics of each.

Example of nodules and location: tonsils, appendix, and intestines

Examples of nodes and locations

Why is it so serious when a cancer gets into the lymph system?

Lymph Organs: Function, location, size, physical characteristics, are they nodules or nodes?

Thymus

Spleen

What is Lymph? How is it formed? Start inside the vascular system and return the lymph to the vascular system.

What are the lymphatics? How do the lymphatics differ from the vascular system. What are the ‘blind’ pockets or Lymphatic capillaries? How does lymph enter the blind pockets?

Characteristics of Lymphatic vessels vs. veins vs. arteries

Why does lymph ‘flow’ in the vessels? How much is formed each day?

What are the major Trunks, which parts of the body do they drain.

How lymph returned to the circulatory system.

Anastomoses

Lymphedema

Compare and contrast the development and function of B and T cells.

Hematopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, erythropoiesis, what does each produce?

where do blood cells mature? marrow vs. thymus vs. tissues

Hemocytoblasts-> lymphoid stem cells -> 2 fates –

NK, B cells, T-cells

What are the differences between RBCs and WBCs

WBCs retain ability to divide and reproduce – How does this assist the Immune Response? Know the different types of T-cells What are the types of WBCs? What does each do?

Why do you hear about leukemia, but never ‘erythremia’? I made ‘erythremia’ up – what is leukemia and therefore, what is ‘erytrhemia’?

What are basophils and mast cells? How are they similar/Different?

What are astrocytes? Van kuppfer’s cells? Alveolar Macrophages? How are they similar/different?

Function or Role of lymphocytes – describe the physical and chemical methods through which Lymphocytes respond to invading pathogens, abnormal body cells, foreign proteins.

What makes body cells ‘abnormal’? What are foreign proteins? How does your immune system RECOGNIZE a foreign cell/protein/tissue?

How many lymphocytes in body?

How do Lymphocytes perform their duties/functions?

What are the 4 characteristics/properties/abilities of white blood cells? How do these assist the immune response?

How long do lymphocytes live?

What are the 3 classes of Lymphocytes? Describe the characteristics of each, where it is formed, where it is most active, Cell- Mediated vs. Antibody mediated action, what type of ‘problem’ to which each responds.

Where do lymphocytes mature? Which lymphocytes mature where?

Two Defense systems of the body

Nonspecific defenses – what are the ways the body protects/defends itself from a variety of harmful agents? Give locations and examples, functions, know HOW it protects: Physical barriers; Phagocytes – etc. Inflammation, fever, mast cells. How do each of these work synergistically with each other and with other body defenses?

Specific defenses: Immune Response, specific resistance, specific immunity

Define Immunity, Immune Response – remember it’s SPECIFIC

Define: Antigens, Antibodies, Allergens, agglutinins,

Antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity), what does humoral mean? Where does this protection occur? What triggers the immune response?

Cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)? Where does this protection occur? What triggers the immune response?

Define Genetic vs. Acquired Immunity; Innate

Acquired – active vs. passive and natural vs. induced w/in each

4 general properties of Immunity, and how each assists the Immune response and the maintenance of Homeostasis.

What is the beginning of the Immune response?

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) – Activation and role of: macrophages; T-cells types produced during an immune response; B-cells types produced how they are activated;

Plasma cells

Antibody structure? How does the antibody structure support immunity?

What are Antigenic Determinant Sites? Where are they found?

5 classes of antibodies/immunoglobulins: Ig?

Which is most common, and percentage of others, too? Which is in mucous membranes, which functions in blood clotting? Where are the locations of each?

How do Ig’s defend against an antigen? 6 ways

Antibody titer

What is the difference between antibodies and lymphocytes?

Memory Cells – role/function in Immunity

The Immune response begins with WHAT event?

How does Immunization protect us against an invader?

What is meant by ‘first exposure’ and ‘Second exposure’?

How do vaccines work?

Hormones – 5, and how they work

Patterns of Immune Response:

immune disorders (2 types).

Define Allergy, allergies, allergen, why it happens, what part of the immune system is responsible

Define Anaphylactic shock.

Four types of allergic responses,

most common one and how it is produced, the hormones, cells, etc that are involved.

Stress

Age

Old folks have more cancer –why?

What are the different Immune system diseases? How do these relate to genetic and acquired immunity? What cause the immune diseases? Most immune diseases are RARE –why? Which Lymphocyte specifically prevents immune diseases?

How about babies and very young kids? How are their immune systems different from adults? What events develop immunity in children?

Pathogen, Bacteria, Virus, fungi, Parasite, Microorganism

What are antibiotic resistant bacteria? Pesticide resistant pests? How does this affect human homeostasis?

What are anti-bacterial products? How do they work? What effect does an anti-bacterial agent in soap have on development of resistance in bacteria?

6 different proteins in/on the cell membrane? What does each do?

Protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Describe it.

Characteristics of water? How does the human body use each characteristics to help maintain homeostasis? Which characteristics specifically support the lymphatic system?

Cellular transport mechanisms. Or how/why things move between one location and another – i.e. diffusion, osmosis, etc. Know how each functions, how each is different from the others, how each is affected by the cell membrane. Define semi-permeable membrane. How do these mechanism affect the lymphatic system?

Define stress. What are some things that stress the lymphatic system?