Review Digestive System
How is the digestive system a muscular tube?
Main function
General functions – 6 of em
Defensive role – what are the characteristics that create, support and maintain it’s defense role? Are they physical, chemical, biological or psychic? Specific or non specific?
List and describe the four layers of the wall of the alimentary canal. What are the characteristics and functions of each layer?
Peristalsis, Pacesetter cells, segmentation
What is ‘reverse peristalsis’? How is this a defense? Is it specific or nonspecific?
Bolus vs. chyme vs. feces
Identify the Digestive Organs, state their location, their function, and characteristics. What are the characteristics of the lining (layers 1 and 4 of the wall) of each section? What is the function of differing linings?
Salivary glands and Saliva
Lips, cheeks, tongue, teeth – where found and function of each.
What are the parts of a tooth?
Mastication, incisor, cuspids, bicuspids, molars
Deciduous teeth
Pharynx – three sections and characteristics of each section – epithelial surface.
Esophagus – relative position to trachea, glottis, epiglottis, heart, diaphragm.
Stomach – functions,
Lining characteristics, chemicals produced and their functions,
Intrinsic factor and it’s function
Parietal and Chief Cells.
Chyme
Rugae
Muscle layers; sphincters; hiatus, pylorus, fundus.
Greater and Lesser Omentum
3 phases of gastric activity
Nutrient absorption characteristics of the stomach. Why? 4 characteristics.
Small intestine – 3 subdivisions
Function of the Small Intestine, and of each of its parts. Size, length, lining characteristics, chemicals produced. What lining characteristics influence nutrient absorption? Review squamous vs. cuboidal vs. columnar vs. psuedostratified columnar, and ciliated vs. non ciliated. Villi vs. those without villi. I think its chapter 3, but might be 4.
Muscle layers – orientation, functions, sphincters
Nutrient absorption characteristics, how it happens, why it happens thusly
Surface area
Villi; Lacteal; Fatty acids, lipids, nutrients,
CNS and hormonal controls. Sympathetic vs parasympathetic – why the old saying ‘the way to a man’s heart is through his stomach’ – because the stomach is controlled by the parasympathetic? What does the Parasympathetic do?
Duodenal ulcers and chronic stress/sympathetic function – how does stress affect the digestive system?
Mechanical vs. chemical breakdown. What is the purpose of ‘breakdown’? How do they support each other, and promote digestion? What is the role of muscles?
Simple sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids
Pancreas – function and location, endocrine vs. exocrine functions, how it communicates with the digestive system.
3 pancreatic enzymes.
What are proenzymes? Why do we need proenzymes?
Liver – vital functions vs. non vital; location, size, relationship to digestive system
3 major categories of functions
Hepatic portal system
Lobules
Sinusoids compare to capillaries
Kupffers cells?
Gallbladder- functions, location, how it communicates with the digestive system
Bile- how much produced, what are it’s components and what are the 2 main functions of bile, emulsify – micelles are small drops of fats surrounded by bile salts – what is function?
Large intestine – sections, location, function of each section
Muscles: function, orientation, sphincters.
Cecum
Colon
Colorectal cancer
Feces, fecal waste,
Coliform bacteria, Normal flora of gut, functions,
Vitamins – 3 produced by bacteria
Bilirubins
Digestion and nutrients
Rectum- function and location
Muscles, function and sphincters.
What causes Diarrhea? Constipation?
Describe the difference in absorption between the small and large intestine. What is absorbed in each?
Water and Electrolyte absorption
Role of epithelia – how does the epithelium regulate absorption of nutrients and water?
What is catabolism, anabolism, metabolism?
Gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis
Essential Fatty Acids – what is a Fatty Acid? Why essential?
What does body use these for?
Lipoproteins: 2 major groups. What are they, what are the functions?
Essential amino acids – why do we need em?
Metabolism: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids. What happens when we ‘metabolize’ em? How much energy does each produce?
Anaerobic metabolism
Aerobic metabolism
Electron transport system
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Cytochrome oxidase. Know where each part occurs, whether it requires O2 or not, know how much ATP is produced.
What do we need for cellular respiration?
What are the products of cell respiration. How do we get rid of em?
Basal metabolic rate and factors that affect it.
Calorie, Kilocalorie
Normal range of body temperature
Heat- how is it generated and lost
4 ways to regulate heat
Ways we restrict heat loss. What happens when we go out into the cold?
Why is the hypothalamus the thermostat of the body?
Review of previous chapters questions
Connective tissue: no free border
What is the function of CT in the digestive system?
Matrix and components: ground substance, matrix molecules, hyaluronic and proteoglycans, specialized cells
3 fiber types: where are they found in the digestive system? What roles do they play?
The different types of connective tissue and the specialized matrix and cells of each: connective tissue proper and its divisions, fluid CT, specialized/structural CT: RBCs, WBCs, 5 types of WBC, characteristics of each, fibrocytes, osteocytes, cytes, blasts, clasts, perichondrium, periosteum,
3 types of cartilage and characteristics
Examples of each CT type, each cartilage type and where it can be found,
Mast cells, adipocytes, macrophages,
What are the macrophages of the digestive system?
4 types of membranes: Mucous, serous, synovial, cutaneous: differences, where each is found, examples
What are the membranes associated with the digestive system?
Name some membranes made of connective tissue
Inflammation – define; 5 signs, histamine, How does this affect the digestive system?
Tissue repair – regeneration, replacement. How does this affect the nervous system? What are the ‘levels of organization’ (chp 1) in the digestive system? How does tissue repair affect digestive system organization? What is a colostomy?