What are the 2 circuits? How is the heart a ‘double pump’?

What are the differences between two circuits

Location of the heart – body cavities, membranes

Adjacent tissues/structures Mediastinum, thymus, esophagus, trachea) type of tissues in mediastinum

Pericardial cavity and membranes, sac

Cardiac tamponade, pericarditis

Where is the Base of the heart? Where is the apex of the heart? What structure supports the inferior surface of the heart?

What is the orientation of the heart within the thoracic cavity

Chamber, valves and the vessels that enter or leave each

The surface characteristics: auricles, sulci, blood vessels

Heart sounds 1-4

Heart muscle and the differences between cardiac muscle, skeletal and smooth muscle

Cardiac Cycle

Systole vs diastole

Preload vs afterload

Frank Starling’s law

Cardiac Output = Stroke volume * heart rate

Blood volume reflexes – stretching the atrial walls causes an increase in blood flow, as well as ANP to maintain blood volume and blood pressure

Nervous system regulation of the heart Cardiac respiratory centers in medulla

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic; excitatory vs inhibitory, Epinephrine vs Acetylcholine

Heart wall construction – endocardium and endothelium of vessels; myocardium, epicardium

Functional syncitium

Fibrous skeleton, av disck, location and fundtions

Coronary circulation: where the cardiac arteries originate, where the cardiac veins dump

Anastomose

Myocardial infarction

Electrophysiology – the heart beat – how is it generated

SA node, AV node; bundle of his (av bundle), purkinji fibers, pacemaker

Rythmicity, automaticity, autorythmicity,

Calcium couples an electrical event (nervous signal – depolarization of cell membrane) with a mechanical event (contraction of the muscles)

Bradycardia vs tachycardia

ECG/EKG;

P, QRS, T waves. What does each signify?

What activities/choices will help prevent heart disease?

Stress – Chronic vs acute, clinical symptoms (enlarge adrenals, liver/kidney problems, hypertension, etc)

6 different proteins in/on the cell membrane? What does each do?

Protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Describe it and it’s role in Nervous system.

Characteristics of water? How does the human body use each characteristics to help maintain homeostasis? Which characteristics specifically support the nervous system? How does water support the cellular transport mechanisms in the nervous system?

Cellular transport mechanisms. Or how/why things move between one location and another – i.e. diffusion, osmosis, etc. Know how each functions, how each is different from the others, how each is affected by the cell membrane. Define semi-permeable membrane. How do these mechanisms affect the nervous system?

Define stress. What are some things that stress the nervous system?

Use the standard anatomical position to describe the location of the nervous organs, nerves, etc.

What are the epithelial tissues associated with nervous system?

How is the nervous system linked to the skeletal, vascular, digestive, reproductive, integumentary, muscular, endocrine, respiratory, lymphatic/immune, and urinary systems?

Review of previous chapters questions

Connective tissue: no free border

What is the function of CT in the nervous system?

Matrix and components: ground substance, matrix molecules, hyaluronic and proteoglycans, specialized cells

3 fiber types: where are they found in the nervous system? What roles do they play?

Describe the different types of connective tissue and the specialized matrix and cells of each. What is connective tissue proper and its divisions; fluid CT; specialized/structural CT; RBCs; WBCs; 5 types of WBCs and characteristics of each; fibrocytes, osteocytes, -cytes, -blasts, -clasts, perichondrium. How are these structures connected to the nervous system?

3 types of cartilage and characteristics

Examples of each CT type, each cartilage type and where it can be found,

Mast cells, adipocytes, macrophages,

What are the macrophages of the nervous system?

4 types of membranes: Mucous, serous, synovial, cutaneous: differences, where each is found, examples

What are the membranes associated with the nervous system? Define epineurium, endoneurium, etc. Where is each found in the nervous system?

Name some membranes made of connective tissue

Inflammation – define; 5 signs, histamine, How does this affect the nervous system? What causes the ‘pain’ in inflammation? How does this affect the nervous system?

Tissue repair – regeneration, replacement. How does this affect the nervous system? What are the ‘levels of organization’ (chp 1) in the nervous system? How does tissue repair affect nervous system organization?