Describe the functions of the skeletal system: 5 functions

Explain how bones are classified and give an example of each: by shape and by matrix form.

Define/describe osteon, lamellae, central canal, perforating canal – AKA canaliculi, lacunae, trabeculae. Where each is found, what type of bone, what is contained in each, what function each serves. Describe the anatomy of the bone matrix in each. What makes up the bone matrix?

How do bone cells receive nutrients and get rid of wastes? Where are the capillaries? What is the process by which bone cells exchange nutrients and wastes?

Describe how the embryonic skeleton is replaced by bone – endochondral, intramembranous ossification; what are the specialized cells that are functioning?

Define primary and secondary ossification centers – and where each is located.

Define periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, epiphysis, diaphysis, epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line. Red marrow, yellow marrow, energy and nutrient storage. Where does each occur in bone?

When doe bone STOP growing in length? I.e. when does a person stop getting taller, arms and legs longer?

State the nutrients necessary for bone growth.

Which cells function in bone growth? Don’t forget fetal bone development as well as bone growth during adolescence.

Name the hormones/vitamins involved in bone growth and maintenance and the diseases associated with each. Thyroxin, HGH, parathyroid, thyrocalcitonin, calcitriol, Vitamins D, A, C.

Explain what is meant by exercise for bones and explain its importance

What is bone remodeling? Why is it important/ why do we ‘remodel’ bone? Which specialized cells are active in bone remodeling? What is the function of each type of cell? When does bone remodeling occur? Which other organ systems are involved in this process?

What processes/organ systems use Calcium, in the body?

What roles do Ca, P, and collagen fibers play in skeletal system functions?

What happens when you break a bone? A tendon/ligament? How is breaking a bone different from tearing a ligament? What does ‘tissue repair’ do to the orientation of the bone matrix and fibers in each? How does this affect the function of each?

Identify the two major subdivisions of the skeleton and list the bones in each area: axial, appendicular. What are the functions of the limbs; of the girdles; of the axial skeleton?

Describe how the pelvic girdle of the female is adapted for birth while the male pelvic girdle is not adapted for birth. What characteristics of the male girdle would impede birth? What characteristics of the female girdle would enhance birth?

Explain how joints are classified: Shape and flexibility/immovability. Give an example of each and describe the movements possible: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis,

Describe these joints and give examples: ball and socket, pivot, hinge, saddle, etc.

Which is the most common in the body? Why? What ‘benefit’ does this type joint give us?

What are the ‘costs’ or ‘tradeoffs’ that we make to get the benefits?

Which is the weakest joint in the body?

Describe the parts of a synovial joint and explain their function.

What are the Acetabulum, acromion? Where are they found? What are their characteristics? Name the bones (and specific parts of those bones) involved with these structures. Trochanter, tubercles, etc.

Define: canaliculi, lacunae, osteocytes, chondrocytes, periosteum, endosteum,

How is the skeletal system related to connective tissue? What is the matrix? What are the specialized cells? During fetal development? As an adult?

Define osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes, chondroblasts, chondroclasts.

What are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers? How is each used in the skeletal system?

Define Tendons, ligaments, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, articular cartilage, hyaline cartilage, hyaluronic acid. How do these structures function in the skeletal system? How do tendons and ligaments attach to bones?

What are ‘mast’ cells? Where are they found?

6 different proteins in/on the cell membrane? What does each do?

Protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Describe it.

Characteristics of water? How does the human body use each characteristics to help maintain homeostasis? Which characteristics specifically support the skeletal system?

Cellular transport mechanisms. Or how/why things move between one location and another – i.e. diffusion, osmosis, etc. Know how each functions, how each is different from the others, how each is affected by the cell membrane. Define semi-permeable membrane. How do these mechanisms affect the Skeletal system?

Define stress. What are some things that stress the skeletal system?

Use the standard anatomical position to describe the location of the bones.

What are the epithelial tissues associated with bones?

How is the skeletal system linked to the vascular system? Where does hematopoiesis occur?

What is the cribiform plate? Where is it located? What is the function of the foramen?

What is the sella turcica? Where is it located? What hangs out in it?

Define foramen, fossa, sulcus, groove, tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter,

Review of previous chapters for BONUS questions

Describe the electrical nerve impulse and impulse transmission at the synapse