AP Review Nervous
Two control systems of body? Differences between the two? Which is fastest/slowest/ longest lasting/shortest lasting.
Functions of Nervous system.
What are the divisions of the Nervous system? Describe the CNS, PNS, Nerve, nerve tract, ganglion, white matter, gray matter, cranial nerves, and spinal nerves, PNS, Afferent vs. Efferent, Somatic NS (SNS) vs. Autonomic NS (ANS), sympathetic vs. parasympathetic NS’s.
What is the role of the Na/K pump? Action potential, Ca++, O2, ATP, mitochondria,
Describe the neuromuscular junction: presynaptic knob, synaptic cleft, synapse (and types) neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, ACh, NA, K, permeability, ligand, ligand gated channels, voltage gated channels, Resting membrane potential (RMP), Action potential (AP), polarization, depolarization, repolarization.
Describe a neuron, axon, soma, axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, synaptic terminal, synaptic knob, terminal bouton, synapse, dendrite, sensory nerve endings, neuroglia, oligodendrocyte, Schwann vs. satellite cell, astrocyte, blood brain barrier, ependymal cell, cerebrospinal fluid, cerebral sinuses,
Describe the link between Schwann cells, myelin, unmyelinated, continuous conduction/transmission, and saltatory conduction, Action potential.
Describe organelles in neuron vs. neuroglia. What implication does this have for disease? What is required for cancer?
Describe: axon, nerve, nerve tract, fascicle, endoneurium, and perineurium.
What are the axon transport mechanisms? Why are they important? Describe microfilaments/fibers in the cell and their function. Vacuoles? Exocytosis? Rabies, herpes, chicken pox and shingles.
What is hypopolarize; hyperpolarize? How do they affect the RMP and AP? Nerve cells?
What are the energy sources for the muscle cell? What is the source of the energy?
Describe cellular respiration. Where does it occur? What are the products? What roles does it play in the nervous system?
What are the two major classifications of nerve tissues?
What are the two subclasses functional classification of neurons? Define sensory vs. motor, exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors, motor, and effectors.
What do the sensory neurons innervate? What do the motor neurons innervate?
Define multipolar, unipolar and bipolar neurons.
How do excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters differ? Give examples of each type of neurotransmitter.
Describe the electrical impulse and impulse transmission at the synapse.
Why are membrane surfaces important? For impulses? How are RMP, AP, and metabolism associated with membrane surfaces?
What is the reflex arc? 5 parts of the arc? Role of each part?
What is the function of the following? Stretch reflexes vs. flexor reflexes?
How do reflexes support homeostasis?
Id the parts of the Nervous system, the location in anatomical terms, and the function of each part.
Describe Brain stem, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, diencephalons, thalamus, hypothalamus, emotions, cerebrum, categorical vs. representational hemispheres, cerebral cortex vs. medulla, lobes, parietal, occipital, temporal, lateral fissure, association areas, cortical connections, corpus callosum, cingulated gyrus, central sulcus, precentral and post central gyri.
Describe cerebral nuclei, memory, two types of memory, reflexes and learned movements vs. conceptual memory.
Limbic system and primitive brain. What are the parts and what is the function?
How do the diencephalon, cingulated gyrus, hypothalamus, amygdala, etc help maintain homeostasis. What happens when they over react? What are the two divisions of the ANS?
Describe the spinal cord. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar regions, conus medullaris, cauda equina, filum terminale, anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus, white and gray matter, horns, central canal, dorsal and ventral nerve root, root ganglion,
Describe the membranes that cover the CNS. What is each called, where is each located, what is the function of each?
What are the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater? Describe the subarachnoid space.
What is the function of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)? Where is it found? Where is it produced? What are it’s characteristics? Where does it go?
What does an abnormal number of white blood cells in CSF indicate?
Define meningitis? Describe the causes of meningitis.
What is the function of sensations? What are the types of sensations? Describe the somatic, visceral and special sensations. Which nerve endings does each use?
What are the parts of the sensory pathway? Compare it to the reflex arc.
What are nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, the 6 dendritic nerve endings/receptors, baroceptors, proprioceptors, and chemoreceptors? Give examples of each, where they function, what they ‘sense’.
What is Pain, and why is it important? What is referred pain, phantom pain, chronic and acute pain. How is memory and pain associated?
Why is proprioception important?
What are the brain waves? Describe the conditions in which each wave can be detected.
What is an EEG? REM? What do they have to do with alpha, beta, delta and theta waves?
How does Age affect the nervous system?
What is an ‘anencephalic baby’?
Can a human or other organism live without the cerebrum? How about without the cerebellum? Or the pons? Or the thalamus and hypothalamus? Can a human or other organism live without the midbrain or the medulla oblongata? Explain why or why not? What about sharks and reptiles? What about monkeys and apes?
How can someone who had a ‘bullet’, or pipe, or arrow go through their brain, still be alive? What part of the brain did it go through? How does this affect their being alive?
6 different proteins in/on the cell membrane? What does each do?
Protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Describe it and it’s role in Nervous system.
Characteristics of water? How does the human body use each characteristics to help maintain homeostasis? Which characteristics specifically support the nervous system? How does water support the cellular transport mechanisms in the nervous system?
Cellular transport mechanisms. Or how/why things move between one location and another – i.e. diffusion, osmosis, etc. Know how each functions, how each is different from the others, how each is affected by the cell membrane. Define semi-permeable membrane. How do these mechanisms affect the nervous system?
Define stress. What are some things that stress the nervous system?
Use the standard anatomical position to describe the location of the nervous organs, nerves, etc.
What are the epithelial tissues associated with nervous system?
How is the nervous system linked to the skeletal, vascular, digestive, reproductive, integumentary, muscular, endocrine, respiratory, lymphatic/immune, and urinary systems?
Neurotransmitters – list the different types, whether excitatory or inhibitory, where each is found
Chapter 16 Autonomic Nervous System
ANS (review all the parts of the nervous system) how is ANS different from the SNS?
What are the parts of the ANS? How is each different from the other?
Define cholinergic and adrenergic. Where did the names come from? What neurotransmitters stimulate each type of receptor? How is each different, and similar? How do they fit into the ANS?
How is the knowledge about Cholinergic and adrenergic receptors used in medicine, drugs, and toxins?
List the adrenergic receptors and where each type is found. List the Cholinergic receptors and where each type is found. List some chemicals that block/inhibit/excite em, and how the ‘blocking/inhibiting/exciting’ occurs.
Review of previous chapters questions
Connective tissue: no free border
What is the function of CT in the nervous system?
Matrix and components: ground substance, matrix molecules, hyaluronic and proteoglycans, specialized cells
3 fiber types: where are they found in the nervous system? What roles do they play?
Describe the different types of connective tissue and the specialized matrix and cells of each. What is connective tissue proper and its divisions; fluid CT; specialized/structural CT; RBCs; WBCs; 5 types of WBCs and characteristics of each; fibrocytes, osteocytes, -cytes, -blasts, -clasts, perichondrium. How are these structures connected to the nervous system?
3 types of cartilage and characteristics
Examples of each CT type, each cartilage type and where it can be found,
Mast cells, adipocytes, macrophages,
What are the macrophages of the nervous system?
4 types of membranes: Mucous, serous, synovial, cutaneous: differences, where each is found, examples
What are the membranes associated with the nervous system? Define epineurium, endoneurium, etc. Where is each found in the nervous system?
Name some membranes made of connective tissue
Inflammation – define; 5 signs, histamine, How does this affect the nervous system? What causes the ‘pain’ in inflammation? How does this affect the nervous system?
Tissue repair – regeneration, replacement. How does this affect the nervous system? What are the ‘levels of organization’ (chp 1) in the nervous system? How does tissue repair affect nervous system organization?