AP Rev Muscle 030228
Functions – 4
Characteristics of muscle tissues: contractility, excitable, extensible, elastic
How does muscle help the vascular system move blood through the body?
What does skeletal muscle do for blood flow?
What does smooth muscle do for blood flow?
Define: muscle fiber, muscle cell, fascicle, muscle, endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum and cisternae, sarcomere, myofilament, myofibril, actin, myosin, actin, active sites, troponin, tropomyosin. Z-line, myosin heads, cross bridges,
What happens to the sarcomere when ‘contraction’ occurs?
What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. Describe it – in detail. Write it.
What is the role of the Na/K pump? Action potential, Ca++, O2, ATP, mitochondria,
Describe the neuromuscular junction: presynaptic knob, synaptic cleft, synapse (and types) neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, ACh, NA, K, permeability, ligand, ligand gated channels, voltage gated channels, Resting membrane potential (RMP), Action potential (AP), polarization, depolarization, repolarization, refractory period, twitch, lag period, contraction, relaxation, tetany,
Beginning at the presynaptic terminal, write all the steps that cause a muscle contraction – include ‘relaxation’ at the end of the contraction.
What is hypopolarize; hyperpolarize? How do they affect the RMP and AP?
Describe the ‘All or None’ principle.
What is ‘Graded strength’? Compare it to the all or none principle.
What are the three types of muscles? What are the characteristics of each? How are they similar and different? Where do you find each type?
What is: insertion, origin, striations, syncitium, intercalated disc, myoglobin,
What is the special construction of heart muscle? What unique and NECESSARY function does this provide?
What are the energy sources for the muscle cell? What is the source of the energy?
Describe aerobic respiration, hemoglobin, myoglobin, oxygen debt and lactic acid.
What are the two types of contraction with respect to muscle tone and length?
Define isotonic, isometric. What is the optimum contraction length for a muscle fiber?
Describe cellular respiration. Where does it occur? What are the products? What roles does it play in the muscular system?
How are muscles named?
Define rectus, deltoid, oblique, trapezius, rhombus, major, minor, medius, flexor, extensor, costal. Give examples of each.
What is the diaphragm? What is its major function?
What are the 6 different proteins in/on the cell membrane? What does each do?
Protein synthesis? Where does it occur? Describe it and it’s role in musclar system.
Characteristics of water? How does the human body use each characteristic to help maintain homeostasis? Which characteristics specifically support the muscular system? Which water characteristics support cellular transport mechanisms?
Cellular transport mechanisms. Or how/why things move between one location and another – i.e. diffusion, osmosis, etc. Know how each functions, how each is different from the others, how each is affected by the cell membrane. Define semi-permeable membrane. How do these mechanisms affect the Muscular system?
Define stress. What are some things that stress the muscular system?
Use the standard anatomical position to describe the location of the muscles.
What are the epithelial tissues associated with muscles?
How is the muscular system linked to the skeletal and vascular systems?
Review of previous chapters with respect to Muscular system.
Connective tissue: no free border
What is the function of CT in the muscular system?
Matrix and components: ground substance, matrix molecules, hyaluronic and proteoglycans, specialized cells
3 fiber types: where are they found in the muscular system? What roles do they play in the muscular system?
What are the different types of connective tissue and the specialized matrix and cells of each: connective tissue proper and its divisions, fluid CT, specialized/structural CT: RBCs, WBCs, 5 types of WBC, characteristics of each, fibrocytes, osteocytes, cytes, blasts, clasts, perichondrium, periosteum,
3 types of cartilage and characteristics
Examples of each CT type, each cartilage type and where it can be found,
Mast cells, adipocytes, macrophages,
4 types of membranes: Mucous, serous, synovial, cutaneous: differences, where each is found, examples
What are the membranes associated with the muscular system? Define epimysium, etc.
Name some membranes made of connective tissue
Inflammation – define; 5 signs, histamine, How does this affect the muscular system?
Tissue repair – regeneration, replacement. How does this affect the muscular system? How does tissue repair affect the ability of the muscular system to perform its functions? How does tissue repair affect the ‘levels of organization’ (chp 1) in the muscular system?