Definitions: Homeostasis, anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, organism, cytology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, cell physiology, neurophysiology, organology, embryology, genetics

What is meant by the phrase "structure determines function" – or put another way "form follows function" ?

Levels (7) of organization – order of levels and importance of each level. What are the levels that are specific to multicellular organisms?

What are the characteristics of cells and tissues on which the higher levels of organization are based?

What are the 5 characteristics of life and functions of each characteristic? How does the ‘function’ help the ‘life’ maintain homeostasis?

List the 11 organ systems of the Human body AND the main function(s) of each? How are they interrelated?

What are Homeostatic mechanisms – set point, positive & negative feedback – define and give an example. How does each organ system help every other organ system maintain homeostasis?

Define organic chemical vs inorganic chemical.

What is the chemical formula for water? What are the characteristics of water that make it especially well suited to support ‘life’? Make a list and carry it with you, MEMORIZE it. I will ask for this information throughout the course!! It will be on EVERY test!

Define Stress, chronic stress, and acute stress. Give examples of each type of stress and how it affects homeostasis. How is stress related to disease and homeostasis? How are disease and homeostasis related? What are ‘cumulative effects’ – how are they related to homeostasis and disease?

Sleep and Stress – Sleep patterns and melatonin production. Less sleep = less melatonin :. Higher levels of estrogen/testosterone and higher cancer rates. Cortisol – a hormone triggered by stress – patterns may shift – regulates Immune System/NK cell activities which is correlated with cancer rates and early death from cancer. Get enough sleep.

Standard anatomical position and terms – planes; positional/directional terms; sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal, transverse, oblique, frontal, coronal.

Body regions: main axis vs. appendages

Body cavities: characteristics, membranes – what separates Thoracic from Abdominopelvic – what separates abdominopelvic; know some organs in each cavity, and their location relative to other organs/structures

What are the membranes? Which membrane is found in each cavity? What is the difference between a parietal membrane and the visceral membrane?

List the cavities that are ‘open to the outside’ and those that are ‘closed to the outside’.

What is a mucous membrane? How is it different from the other membranes?

Abdominal quadrants and regions

Define: the prefixes- endo-, epi-, peri-,

And the suffixes- -thelium, -neurium, -osteum, -mysium

Matter, element, mass, weight, atom, molecule, compound, subatomic particles and properties (proton, neutron, electron); cation vs. anion

Describe a Hydrogen atom. How is a hydrogen atom associated with the pH scale and acidity? How is a hydrogen atom associated with the term ‘proton’? How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does a hydrogen atom contain?

Types of bonds between atoms and their functions? What makes a neutral molecule? What is an ion, cation, and anion? What is a polar atom/molecule? Why is it called ‘polar’? How does the body use the ‘polar’ characteristic?

List the Chemical symbols for elements found in body; chemical symbol to name & vice versa

Organic molecules – a string of C atoms held together by covalent bonds between the Carbon atoms

Inorganic molecules – ionic bond: acid, base, and salts.

Define Metabolism; types and purpose of each type – anabolism/catabolism

List the Properties of WATER and purpose of each

Define solubility, Solvent, solution, solute, Acid, base, buffer, pH, pH scale – list examples and functions

Blood pH; What does [H+] mean to pH?

Define concentration, gradient. Describe a gradient of white to black; hot to cold; high pressure to low pressure; high concentration to low concentration; etc.

What is a concentration gradient.

Organic compounds: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids – properties – how they act in the body, what the makeup units are. Why are they called ‘organic’?

Proteins – what is an Amino Acid? What is a chain of AA’s called? Peptide, monopeptide, dipeptide, oligopeptide, and polypeptide.

Carbohydrates: saccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide?

Lipids: Fat, Oil, Wax, Phospholipid, Fatty Acid, sterol – cholesterol HDL and LDL, fat soluble vitamin,

What are Nucleic Acid, DNA, RNA, ATP, PO4 creatine-PO4

List some ‘high energy compounds’; why are they called ‘high energy compounds’? Explain how they create an energy gradient.