How are genes and proteins are related? How is ‘homeostasis’ related to genes and proteins?

Explain the function of DNA, RNA, tRNA, mRNA, rRNA. How is each ‘made’ or synthesized? Where is each synthesized?

Define synthesis, synthesize.

What is a protein? What is the function of proteins? What are the different types of proteins? List em and describe the function of each. What characteristic gives a protein its specific function?

Define ‘code’. How is a code like a language?

Who were Beadle and Tatum? What did they study? What is neurospora? What did they ‘conclude’ from their efforts?

Define mutant, mutation. What does a mutation cause?

Describe the ‘one gene, one polypetide’ hypothesis. What does it mean?

When do genes code for something other than a protein? what other things?

List the organic molecules and the repeating units of each. Which are the repeating units of DNA and RNA?

What are nitrogenous bases? What are they made up of? List the 4 different nitrogenous bases. What role does the pentose and phosphate group play?

How are the nitrogenous bases like the alphabet?

Where is the DNA located? Why? Where is the RNA located? How many types of RNA are there? Where do you find each? What is the function of each type?

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA – make a table

What is the sugar that makes up DNA and RNA? Is it a hexose, heptose, or octose?

Describe a molecule of each. What is a helix – describe it.

Define complementary, complimentary – how are these words different?

Which nitrogenous bases are found in DNA? Which in RNA?

What holds the DNA double helix together? Why is it called a ‘double helix’?

Describe the DNA to DNA linkage, the DNA to RNA linkage, the RNA to RNA linkage. How is this complementary? What are the nitrogenous bases found in each? How do you know if the molecule is DNA or RNA?

Draw a DNA molecule and ‘build’ it’s better half.

What is the basic fxn of RNA? How many types of RNA does it take to do this? List each one and its specific function in the process.

How many strands make up the mRNA, rRNA, tRNA molecules?

Define transcription, translation. Where does each occur?

What is a triplet, codon, start codon, stop codon, anticodon – where do you find each?

Define polymer, polymerase and give an example of each.

What is the function of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase? DNA ligase?

What does each codon code for?

How many different codons are there?

How many different amino acids are there? Why the discrepancy in numbers of codons and AAs?

Draw a DNA molecule and ‘build’ it’s better half. TAC…. End w/ stop codon

What are the three steps in Transcription, in translation? What happens during each step?

How is DNA an information molecule? What happens when DNA controls the cellular proteins produced during protein synthesis?

What does the sequence of nitrogenous bases have to do with the sequence of AA’s in a protein?

Define mutation, point mutation, spontaneous mistake, neutral mutation, nonfunctional mutation, repair enzyme, proofreading enzyme,

What are the 4 possible results of a mutation changing a triplet to code for the same amino acid, for a different amino acid, and for a ‘stop’. There are 4 (four) possible results.

What is the most common result of a mutation?

What is a deletion mutation? An insertion mutation, a substitution mutation?

What happens when the original ‘template’ DNA is the one that is ‘repaired’ instead of the DNA that has just been made?

How is a DNA molecule ‘complementary’ to its other strand? How do mutations affect this? What is the role of the repair enzymes in the complementarity of DNA molecules?

Define carcinogen- list some examples.

Define ‘beneficial’ – what happens when a mutation is beneficial?

How many genes are in human genome? Which cells have these genes? Which cells have ‘different’ genes?

Define ‘gene expression’. How many genes are expressed in each cell? When are genes expressed? What does gene expression have to do with developmental stage – such as puberty?

How does the body control gene expression and protein activity?

How is phenotype related to ‘gene expression’?

What are ‘feedback mechanisms’? describe a ‘stable mRNA’ vs a short-lived mRNA. Why do we have these types?

What are proenzymes, proproteins? Why do we have these types? Give an example. Why is it useful to have the enzyme produced as a proenzyme?

How is a proteins life span regulated? Why?

Are individual genes regulated? How about regions of chromosomes? And Whole chromosomes? How are these different levels controlled?

What are regulatory proteins? What happens to ‘expression’ when a gene or chromosome is ‘condensed’? describe ‘condensed’ vs ‘dispersed’.

What are ‘barr bodies’. Which gene/chromosome does this affect? Why is one of these chromosomes condensed? What benefit does this yield to the organism? What would happen if the chromosome was NOT condensed?

What is the SRY?

What role does SRY play in gender? What happens if a mammal is XX but has the SRY?

What happens if a mammal is XY but lacks the SRY? What is the phenotype of each?

What are androgen receptor proteins? where are they located and what is their function?

List some ‘androgens’. What is the function of the androgens?

What does ‘andro’ mean? What does Anthro mean?

What does androgen insensitivity mean?

What happens if the SRY gene is ‘turned ON’ too early or too late? What happens if it is mutated?

Many pesticides are based on their effect on the reproductive cycle – they are estrogen type chemicals. What happens to em in natural systems? Why do they decompose? What is the product of this decomposition? What role do microbes play in this? Why doe microbes ‘eat’ these chemicals?

List some organisms w/ ‘abnormalities’ that have been blamed on these environmental estrogens. What is the abnormal characteristic. What is ‘common’ between all these organisms? What is the water characteristics that causes this?

List the characteristics of water and how each characteristics would affect the concentration of the environmental chemicals.